6.  GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

A summary of changes in goodwill by segment for the nine months ended September 26, 2020, is as follows:

During the first quarter of 2020, the global economy was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the economic impact, primarily in Europe, government-mandated facility closures and an unfavorable outlook for certain end markets, the Company concluded that this change in circumstances triggered the need to conduct an interim impairment review of its Faster reporting unit. The interim review was performed as of March 28, 2020. A recoverability test for the long-lived assets within the Faster reporting unit was performed first and resulted in the conclusion that the carrying value of the long-lived assets was fully recoverable. An interim quantitative impairment test for goodwill was then performed.

The fair value of the Faster reporting unit was determined based on a combination of income and market approach methodologies. The income approach utilized a discounted cash flow analysis, which estimates the present value of the projected free cash flows to be generated by the reporting unit. Principal assumptions used in the analysis included the Company's estimates of future revenue and terminal growth rates, margin assumptions and discount rates. While assumptions utilized are subject to a high degree of judgment and complexity, the Company made every effort to estimate future cash flows as accurately as possible, given the high degree of economic uncertainty that existed. The market approaches estimate fair value by comparing to guideline public companies and guideline transactions. Various valuation multiples of companies that are economically and operationally similar were used as data points for selecting multiples. The Company concluded that the estimated fair value of the Faster reporting unit was less than its carrying value, and as a result, recorded a non-cash, non-tax-deductible goodwill impairment charge of $31,871. If the economic impact from the COVID-19 pandemic is more severe than anticipated, or if the economic recovery takes longer to materialize or does not materialize as strongly as anticipated, it could result in further goodwill impairment charges.  

The Company considered the known and anticipated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on its other reporting units and concluded that it was more likely than not that their fair value exceeded their carrying value.

Intangible Assets

At September 26, 2020, and December 28, 2019, intangible assets consisted of the following:

Amortization expense for the nine months ended September 26, 2020, and September 28, 2019, was $13,323 and $13,544, respectively. Future estimated amortization expense, excluding software development in process, is presented below.